B. holism
C. self-reference criterion
D. effort at adaptation
E. effort at integration
57._____ is an unconscious reference to one’s own cultural values, experiences, and knowledge as a basis for decisions.
A. Nativism
B. Holism
C. Self-reference criterion
D. Segregation
E. Xenophobia
58.In the United States, unrelated individuals keep a certain physical distance between themselves and others when talking or in groups. Americans do not consciously think about that distance; they just know what feels right without thinking. Someone from another culture would not necessarily understand this and would apply their rules for contact when speaking. The preceding is an illustration of what is called applying a _____ when reviewing the mentioned social custom of contact.
A. self-space principle
B. segregation principle
C. integration criterion
D. space command criterion
E. self-reference criterion
59.Which of the following is closely related to the self-reference criterion?
A. Differentiation
B. Marketing myopia
C. Ethnocentrism
D. Multiculturalism
E. Pluralism
60._____ impedes the ability of a person to assess a foreign market in its true light.
A. Nativism
B. Pluralism
C. Xenocentrism
D. Ethnocentrism
E. Relativism
61.Which of the following is true of ethnocentrism?
A. It is the cultural binding force among a diverse employee population in an organization.
B. It is a problem that arises when managers from affluent countries work with managers and markets in less affluent countries.
C. American managers have generally been uninfluenced by it, especially in the beginning of the 21st century.
D. It is the cornerstone of effective adaptation in the field of international marketing.
E. Self-reference criterion is universally considered the technique to reduce or eliminate ethnocentrism.
62.The most effective way to control the influence of ethnocentrism and the SRC is to:
A. reduce interaction with culturally diverse audience.
B. ask for feedback on every possible occasion.
C. recognize their effects on our behavior.
D. learn at least two foreign languages to understand the cultural differences.
E. ask for second opinion in a decision-making scenario.
63.To avoid errors in business decisions, it is necessary to conduct a cross-cultural analysis that isolates the self-reference criterion influences. Which of the following should be the first-step to avoid the aforementioned errors?
A. Redefining the problem without the SRC influence.
B. Solving the problem for the optimum business goal situation.
C. Isolating the SRC influence in the problem and examining it carefully to see how it complicates the problem.
D. Defining the business problem or goal in home-country cultural traits, habits, or norms.
E. Defining the business problem or goal in foreign-country cultural traits, habits, or norms through consultation with natives of the target country.
64.Understanding one’s own culture requires additional study as:
A. self-criticism is not easy to build when studying one’s own culture.
B. much of the cultural influence on market behavior is at the subconscious level.
C. the cultural traits in one’s own country are complex and not internalized.
D. international trade treaties mandate that managers have extensive cultural knowledge of their own country.
E. cultural influence on one’s own market behavior is generally minimal and insignificant in the long run.
65.Which of the following types of nontariff barriers strictly falls under the category of specific limitations on trade?
A. Import credit discriminations
B. Export subsidies
C. Voluntary export restraints